Abraham Haring (M)
b. 24 November 1681, d. 18 March 1772, #4851
Pop-up Pedigree
Relationship=6th great-grandfather of David Kipp Conover Jr..

     Abraham Haring was also known as Abraham Heeringh. He was also known as Abram Haring. Abraham Haring was born on 24 November 1681 at New York City, New York County, New York. Abraham Haring was born on 24 November 1681 at Nyack, Rockland County, New York. He was the son of Jan Pieterse Haring and Grietje Cozyns. Abraham Haring was baptized on 13 December 1681 at Dutch Reformed Church, New York City, New York County, New York. He was baptized on 31 December 1681 at Dutch Reformed Church, New York City, New York County, New York. He married Dirckie Tallman, daughter of Harmen Douwensen Tallman and Grietje Minnelay, on 25 June 1707 at Tappan, Rockland County, New York. Abraham Haring died on 18 March 1772 at Tappan, Rockland County, New York, at age 90. He was buried after 18 March 1772 at Tappan, Rockland County, New York.

Dirckie Tallman (F)
b. 5 August 1687, d. 4 October 1768, #4852
Pop-up Pedigree
Relationship=6th great-grandmother of David Kipp Conover Jr..

     Dirckie Tallman was also known as Derichea Talema. She was also known as Dirckje Talema. She was also known as Dircktie Taelmans. She was also known as Dircktje Tallman. Dirckie Tallman was born on 5 August 1687. She was the daughter of Harmen Douwensen Tallman and Grietje Minnelay. Dirckie Tallman married Abraham Haring, son of Jan Pieterse Haring and Grietje Cozyns, on 25 June 1707 at Tappan, Rockland County, New York. Dirckie Tallman died on 4 October 1768 at age 81. She was buried after 4 October 1768 at Tappan, Rockland County, New York.

Elizabeth Ferdon (F)
b. 28 September 1745, d. 11 March 1834, #4853
Pop-up Pedigree
Relationship=4th great-grandaunt of David Kipp Conover Jr..

     Elizabeth Ferdon was born on 28 September 1745 at Harrington, Orange County, New York. She was the daughter of Jan Ferdon and Brechye Haring. Elizabeth Ferdon married David A. Haring, son of Abraham Abramse Haring and Maria Demarest, circa 1766 at Probably, Tappan, Rockland County, New York. Elizabeth Ferdon died on 11 March 1834 at Harrington Twp., Bergen County, New Jersey, at age 88.

David A. Haring (M)
b. 23 February 1737, #4854
Pop-up Pedigree
Relationship=1st cousin 6 times removed of David Kipp Conover Jr..

     David A. Haring was born on 19 February 1737. He was baptized on 23 February 1737 at Dutch Reformed Church, Tappan, Rockland County, New York. He was the son of Abraham Abramse Haring and Maria Demarest. David A. Haring married Elizabeth Ferdon, daughter of Jan Ferdon and Brechye Haring, circa 1766 at Probably, Tappan, Rockland County, New York.

Dirckie Ferdon (F)
b. 8 April 1749, d. 27 June 1841, #4855
Pop-up Pedigree
Relationship=4th great-grandaunt of David Kipp Conover Jr..

     Dirckie Ferdon was also known as Dirckje Ferdon. Dirckie Ferdon was born on 8 April 1749 at Harrington, Orange County, New York. She was the daughter of Jan Ferdon and Brechye Haring. Dirckie Ferdon married Abraham D. Haring, son of Daniel Haring and Elizabeth Polhemus, circa 1768 at Probably, Tappan, Rockland County, New York. Dirckie Ferdon died on 27 June 1841 at Nanuet, Rockland County, New York, at age 92.

Abraham D. Haring (M)
b. 2 May 1748, #4856
Pop-up Pedigree
Relationship=1st cousin 6 times removed of David Kipp Conover Jr..

     Abraham D. Haring was born on 2 May 1748. He was the son of Daniel Haring and Elizabeth Polhemus. Abraham D. Haring married Dirckie Ferdon, daughter of Jan Ferdon and Brechye Haring, circa 1768 at Probably, Tappan, Rockland County, New York.

Willem Ferdon (M)
b. 30 April 1682, d. after 30 April 1682, #4857
Pop-up Pedigree
Relationship=6th great-grandfather of David Kipp Conover Jr..

     Willem Ferdon was also known as William Ferdon. He was also known as William Verdon. He was also known as Willem Verdon. He was also known as Willem Jacobse Verdon. He was also known as William Ferdon Jr.. Willem Ferdon was born in 1682 at Flatlands, Kings County, New York. He was baptized on 30 April 1682 at Dutch Reformed Church, Brooklyn, Kings County, New York. He died after 30 April 1682. He was the son of Jacobus Verdon and Femmitie Westervelt. Willem Ferdon married Elizabeth DeMott circa 1700 at New Utrecht, Kings County, New York. Willem Ferdon married (Unknown) (Unknown) circa 1726 at Probably, New Utrecht, Kings County, New York. Willem Ferdon died circa 1740 at Probably, New Utrecht, Kings County, New York. He died circa 1770 at Harrington, Orange County, New York.

Elizabeth DeMott (F)
b. circa 1685, d. circa 1770, #4858
Relationship=6th great-grandmother of David Kipp Conover Jr..

     Elizabeth DeMott was also known as Elizabeth (Unknown). She was also known as Elizabeth Ferdon. Elizabeth DeMott was born circa 1685 at Probably, New Utrecht, Kings County, New York. She married Willem Ferdon, son of Jacobus Verdon and Femmitie Westervelt, circa 1700 at New Utrecht, Kings County, New York. Elizabeth DeMott was born after 1700. She died circa 1770 at Harrington, Orange County, New York.

Jacobus Verdon (M)
b. 19 March 1656, d. 1740, #4859
Pop-up Pedigree
Relationship=7th great-grandfather of David Kipp Conover Jr..

     Jacobus Verdon was also known as Jacobus Fardon. He was also known as Jacob Ferdon. He was also known as Jacop Fardon He signed his name Jacop Fardon Mar 19 1728. He was also known as Jacobus Perdon. Jacobus Verdon was born in 1656 at New Amsterdam, New York County, New York. He was baptized on 19 March 1656 at Dutch Reformed Church, New Amsterdam, New York County, New York. He was the son of Thomas Jacobs Verdon and Barbara Van Imbroeck. Jacobus Verdon resided at at New Amsterdam, New York County, New York, between 1657 and 1677. He at Dutch Reformed Church, Flatbush, Kings County, New York, December 1677. He married Femmitie Westervelt, daughter of Willem Lubertsen Westervelt and Dirckyen Roelofse, on 17 March 1677/78 at Dutch Reformed Church, New York City, New York County, New York. He was on the assessment roll of New Utrecht in 1693. On 27 February 1693/94 Bought farm from Laurense answ, situated on the New Utrecht Lane, he having probably removed there about that time.

Jacobus Verdon appeared on the census of 1698 at New Utrecht, Kings County, New York. He died in 1740 at Schraalenburgh, Bergen County, New Jersey. He left a will on 30 April 1740 at Schraalenburgh, Bergen County, New Jersey.

"In the name of God, Amen, I, Jacob Fardon of Schallingburgh in Bergen County, New Jersey, yeoman, being very ancient, yet of sound mind this April 30, 1740 *** I leave to my eldest son Thomas L10 and no more, and it is my will that he shall pay to my executors the sum of L275 for which he has given his bond to me, dated August 30, 1715. My executors are to pay to my daughter Mary, the sum of L6 yearly after the death of her husband Frans Vanderburgh. I leave to my son-in-law Jacob Bennett L100. If he dies then to his children. I leave to my daughter Jannettie wife of Adolphus Brower L100. To my daughter Femmettie, wife of Barent Bloom L100. To my daughter Dericke, wife of Andries Westervelt L100. All the rest of my estate real and personal I leave to my sons William, Jacob and Johannes, and make them executors. Witnesses: Abraham Harring, Hendrick Gisner and David Ogden."

His estate was proved on 17 March 1743 at Schraalenburgh, Bergen County, New Jersey.

Femmitie Westervelt (F)
b. 1658, d. 9 March 1728, #4860
Pop-up Pedigree
Relationship=7th great-grandmother of David Kipp Conover Jr..

     Femmitie Westervelt was also known as Femmetje Jans Willems. Femmitie Westervelt was born in 1658 at Meppel, Drenthe, Netherlands. She was the daughter of Willem Lubertsen Westervelt and Dirckyen Roelofse. Femmitie Westervelt was baptized on 29 April 1658 at Meppel, Drenthe, Netherlands. She married Jacobus Verdon, son of Thomas Jacobs Verdon and Barbara Van Imbroeck, on 17 March 1677/78 at Dutch Reformed Church, New York City, New York County, New York. Femmitie Westervelt died on 9 March 1728 at New York City, New York County, New York. She was buried on 19 March 1728 at Dutch Reformed Church, New York City, New York County, New York; Femmetje Perdon, wife of Jacobus bur. Mar 19, 1728 D. C. N. Y.

(Unknown) (Unknown) (F)
#4862

     (Unknown) (Unknown) married Willem Ferdon, son of Jacobus Verdon and Femmitie Westervelt, circa 1726 at Probably, New Utrecht, Kings County, New York.

Jacob Ferdon (M)
b. 19 July 1710, d. circa 1740, #4863
Pop-up Pedigree
Relationship=5th great-granduncle of David Kipp Conover Jr..

     Jacob Ferdon was also known as Jacob Verdon. He was baptized on 19 July 1710 at Dutch Reformed Church, Brooklyn, Kings County, New York. He was the son of Willem Ferdon and Elizabeth DeMott. Jacob Ferdon was born in 1719 at New Utrecht, Kings County, New York. He married Elizabeth (Unknown) circa 1739 at Probably, Tappan, Rockland County, New York. Jacob Ferdon died circa 1740 at Probably, Harrington, Orange County, New York.

Elizabeth (Unknown) (F)
#4864

     Elizabeth (Unknown) married Jacob Ferdon, son of Willem Ferdon and Elizabeth DeMott, circa 1739 at Probably, Tappan, Rockland County, New York.

Aeltje Ferdon¹ (F)
b. circa 1708, #4865
Pop-up Pedigree
Relationship=5th great-grandaunt of David Kipp Conover Jr..

     Aeltje Ferdon was born circa 1708 at New Utrecht, Kings County, New York. She was the daughter of Willem Ferdon and Elizabeth DeMott. Aeltje Ferdon married Gerrit Van Duyn circa 1728 at Probably, New Utrecht, Kings County, New York.
Aeltje Ferdon appeared on the census of 1738 at Flatbush, Kings County, New York.

Gerrit Van Duyn (M)
#4866

     Gerrit Van Duyn married Aeltje Ferdon, daughter of Willem Ferdon and Elizabeth DeMott, circa 1728 at Probably, New Utrecht, Kings County, New York.

Thomas Jacobs Verdon (M)
b. circa 1628, d. 1698/99, #4867
Pop-up Pedigree
Relationship=8th great-grandfather of David Kipp Conover Jr..

     Thomas Jacobs Verdon was also known as Thomas Fardon. He was also known as Thomas Verdon. Thomas Jacobs Verdon was born circa 1625 at Netherlands. Thomas Jacobs Verdon was born circa 1628 at New Amsterdam, New York County, New York. He was the son of Jacob Verdon and Mary Badie. Thomas Jacobs Verdon was born circa 1635/36 at New Amsterdam, New York County, New York. He resided at at Bennet Farm, Gowanus, Kings County, New York, between 1637 and 1644. He resided at at New Amsterdam, New York County, New York, between 1644 and 1650. He resided at at Pavonia, Hudson County, New Jersey, between 1650 and 1655. He married Barbara Van Imbroeck circa 1653 at Probably, Pavonia, Hudson County, New Jersey. Thomas Jacobs Verdon resided at at New Amsterdam, New York County, New York, between 1655 and 1661. He was New Amsterdam Beer Carrier between 1656 and 1661. On Apr 8, 1656, he applied for the position of city beer carrier, and stated "he was a native of this country, and had been driven away from his place." Marriage banns for Thomas Jacobs Verdon and Jannetje Claes Bonen were published on 1 June 1659. On 19 June 1659 Thomas Verdon and Jannetje Claes made pre-nuptula settlements with the Orphan Board for the protection of their clidren by former marriages by appearing befre the Orpahn Masters. "June 19, 1659, Thomas Verdon, appearing who intends to marry agian. He is told that he must settle in his child, called Jacobus, about 3 years old, the maternal property. He promises 50 florins for the little lot, which he has sold, and says that his mother (presmably meaning the mother of the child Jacobus) has still property in Holland, and that as soon as he receives it, he shall from it make a settlement on the child. The Orphan Masters appoint as guardians of the child and admiistratirs of the maternal estate Mr. Paulus Van der Beeck (the step fater of Thomas Verdon) and Joannes Monjeer de la Montagne, who are to make and inventory of the estate."
On 19 June 1659 "Commission"

"Whereas Thomas Verdon, widower of Barbara Imbroeck, intends to marry again with Janneke Bones, widow of Tobias Teunissen; and as he has a little son Jacobus, by said Barbara Imbroeck, about three years old, to whom before the marriage, his maternal inheritance must be proved, so that whe he comes of age and marries he may have what belongs to him. Therefore the Orphans Masters of the City appoing as guardians and administrators Mr. Paulus Van der Beeck and Joannes de la Montagne, Junior, who are hereby authorized to make such inheritance, debts and credits as equity demands, reporting the same to this Board on Saturday, June 21 at 7 O. C. A. M. Done June 19, 1659"

"Janneke Bones, appearing before the Board id directed, whereas she intends to marry again, she mus settle on her children their paternal inheritance. Answering she offers to give each child 50 florins, and states she has four children called Herman Urbanus, 17 years; Neeltje Urbanus, 15 years; Urbanus Urbanus, 10 years an Teunis Teunissen, 8 years, for whon Abraman Clock and Evert Duyckingh are appointed guardians"

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"Commission"

"Whereas Hanneke Bones, widof of Tobias Teunisse, is about to become the wife of Thomas Verdon, widower of Barbara Imbroeck, and whereas she has now four living children of whom three are by her first Husband, called Herman, Neeltje, and Urbanus Urbanus and the fourth Teunis Tobiassen by her last deceased husband, to whom before her marriage, their paternal inheritance must be proved, so that when they come of age or marry they may receive what belongs to them. Therefore the Orphanmasters appoint as quardians and administrators Abraham Clock and Everet Duyckingh who are authorized to make such an agreement with the widow on behalf of the chidren etc., etc. Done June 19, 1659."
On 21 June 1659 "Saturday, June 21, 1659, Before the Board came Abraham Clock and Evert Duyckingh, curators of the children and property left by Tobias Teunissen, deceased, who reported that the had been at the house of the widow Janneke Bones, and after examination of the estate they had agreed with her about the settlement on her children of their paternal inheritance, namely: that she shall give to each child 50 florins, together 200 florins. They were thanked for their labor."

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" Joannes Nonjeer de la Montagne with Paulus Van der Beeck, administrators state that they have been at Tomas Verdon's house and that after an appraisal of the estate there is a surplus of 14 florins. As said Tomas has not declared all, it is ordered that he shall once more be spoken to about the land and other things of which a list is given."
Thomas Jacobs Verdon and Jannetje Claes Bonen Joined at Dutch Reformed Church, Brooklyn, Kings County, New York, 1661. Thomas Jacobs Verdon was Breukelen Magistrate between 1661 and 1664. He resided at at Gowanus, Kings County, New York, between 1661 and 1698. He and Jannetje Claes Bonen at Dutch Reformed Church, Flatbush, Kings County, New York, 4 July 1680. The 1683 Gowanus tax list showed the Thomas owned two horses, four cows, amd eight morgens of land. Thomas Jacobs Verdon was Brookland constable between 1684 and 1687. He was baptized in 1687 at Brooklyn, Kings County, New York. On 1687 Oath of allegianceshows he was born in America.
He died between 1696 and 1699; he was alive as late as Apr 16, 1696, as on that date he married his 3rd wife. (MDC p 82); he was dead prior to Nov 21, 1699 the date his widow married again. (MDC, p 91). He married Elsje Jeurians on 26 April 1696 at Dutch Reformed Church, New York City, New York County, New York; 2nd marriage Ytie. Thomas Jacobs Verdon died in 1698/99 at Gowanus, Kings County, New York. He died before November 1699.

Barbara Van Imbroeck (F)
b. circa 1633, d. before 18 December 1658, #4868
Relationship=8th great-grandmother of David Kipp Conover Jr..

     Barbara Van Imbroeck was born circa 1633 at Netherlands. She married Thomas Jacobs Verdon, son of Jacob Verdon and Mary Badie, circa 1653 at Probably, Pavonia, Hudson County, New Jersey. Barbara Van Imbroeck died before 18 December 1658 at New Amsterdam, New York County, New York.

Willem Lubertsen Westervelt (M)
d. before 1 September 1697, #4869
Relationship=8th great-grandfather of David Kipp Conover Jr..

     Willem Lubertsen Westervelt and Jannetje Willems were possible father and daughter. Willem Lubertsen Westervelt married Dirckyen Roelofse. Willem Lubertsen Westervelt died before 1 September 1697.

Dirckyen Roelofse (F)
d. between 1697 and 1704, #4870
Relationship=8th great-grandmother of David Kipp Conover Jr..

     Dirckyen Roelofse was also known as Dirckie Roelofse. She was also known as Dirkje Roelofse. She married Willem Lubertsen Westervelt. Dirckyen Roelofse died between 1697 and 1704. She left a will on 1 September 1697. Her estate was proved on 22 August 1704.

Barbara Verdon (F)
b. 28 March 1680, d. 1759, #4871
Pop-up Pedigree
Relationship=6th great-grandaunt of David Kipp Conover Jr..

     Barbara Verdon was also known as Barbara Ferdon. Barbara Verdon was born in 1680 at Flatlands, Kings County, New York. She was baptized on 28 March 1680 at Dutch Reformed Church, New Utrecht, Kings County, New York. She was the daughter of Jacobus Verdon and Femmitie Westervelt. Barbara Verdon married Jacob Adriaense Bennet, son of Adrian Willemse Bennet and Agnietje Jans Van Dyck, in 1698 at Brooklyn, Kings County, New York. Barbara Verdon died before 30 April 1740. She died in 1759 at Gowanus, Kings County, New York.

Jacob Adriaense Bennet (M)
b. circa 1674, #4872
Pop-up Pedigree
Relationship=1st cousin 9 times removed of David Kipp Conover Jr..

     Jacob Adriaense Bennet was also known as Jacob Bennet. Jacob Adriaense Bennet was born circa 1674 at New Utrecht, Kings County, New York. He was the son of Adrian Willemse Bennet and Agnietje Jans Van Dyck. Jacob Adriaense Bennet married Barbara Verdon, daughter of Jacobus Verdon and Femmitie Westervelt, in 1698 at Brooklyn, Kings County, New York.

Thomas Fardon (M)
b. 23 September 1683, d. circa 1754, #4873
Pop-up Pedigree
Relationship=6th great-granduncle of David Kipp Conover Jr..

     Thomas Fardon was also known as Thomas Ferdon. Thomas Fardon was born in 1683 at Flatlands, Kings County, New York. He was baptized on 23 September 1683 at Dutch Reformed Church, Brooklyn, Kings County, New York. He was the son of Jacobus Verdon and Femmitie Westervelt. Thomas Fardon married Ariaantje Sebring, daughter of Cornelius Sebring and Aeltje Frederickse Lubbertsen, circa 1713 at New Utrecht, Kings County, New York. Thomas Fardon died circa 1754 at New York City, New York County, New York.

Ariaantje Sebring (F)
b. 22 July 1683, #4874
Pop-up Pedigree
Relationship=2nd cousin 9 times removed of David Kipp Conover Jr..

     Ariaantje Sebring was also known as Aariantje Sebring. She was baptized on 22 July 1683 at Flatlands, Kings County, New York. She was the daughter of Cornelius Sebring and Aeltje Frederickse Lubbertsen. Ariaantje Sebring married Thomas Fardon, son of Jacobus Verdon and Femmitie Westervelt, circa 1713 at New Utrecht, Kings County, New York.

Maritie Verdon (F)
b. 1685, d. circa 1760, #4875
Pop-up Pedigree
Relationship=6th great-grandaunt of David Kipp Conover Jr..

     Maritie Verdon was also known as Maria Ferdon. Maritie Verdon was born in 1685 at Flatlands, Kings County, New York. She was the daughter of Jacobus Verdon and Femmitie Westervelt. Maritie Verdon was baptized on 13 January 1684/85 at Dutch Reformed Church, Flatbush, Kings County, New York. She married Cornelius Collier circa 1705 at Kings County, New York. Maritie Verdon married Frank Van der Burgh. Maritie Verdon died circa 1760 at Hackensack, Bergen County, New Jersey.

Cornelius Collier (M)
#4876

     Cornelius Collier was also known as Cornelius Colyer. He married Maritie Verdon, daughter of Jacobus Verdon and Femmitie Westervelt, circa 1705 at Kings County, New York.

Johannes Verdon¹ (M)
b. circa 1687, d. 1759, #4877
Pop-up Pedigree
Relationship=6th great-granduncle of David Kipp Conover Jr..

     Johannes Verdon was also known as Johannes Ferdon. Johannes Verdon was born circa 1687 at New Utrecht, Kings County, New York. He was the son of Jacobus Verdon and Femmitie Westervelt. Johannes Verdon married Aeltje Barkeloo circa 1710 at New Utrecht, Kings County, New York. Johannes Verdon married Mary Angevine in 1720/21 at New Utrecht, Kings County, New York. Johannes Verdon died in 1759 at Poughkeepsie, Dutchess County, New York.

Mary Angevine (F)
b. 1698, d. 1755, #4878

     Mary Angevine was also known as Marie Angevine. Mary Angevine was born in 1698 at New York City, New York County, New York. She married Johannes Verdon, son of Jacobus Verdon and Femmitie Westervelt, in 1720/21 at New Utrecht, Kings County, New York. Mary Angevine died in 1755 at Poughkeepsie, Dutchess County, New York.

Jannetie Verdon (F)
b. 1690, d. circa 1760, #4879
Pop-up Pedigree
Relationship=6th great-grandaunt of David Kipp Conover Jr..

     Jannetie Verdon was also known as Jannetie Ferdon. She was also known as Jannetje Perdon. Jannetie Verdon was born in 1690 at New Utrecht, Kings County, New York. She was the daughter of Jacobus Verdon and Femmitie Westervelt. Jannetie Verdon married Adolphus Brouwer, son of Willem Brouwer and Elisabeth Simpson, circa 1713 at Hackensack, Bergen County, New Jersey. Jannetie Verdon died circa 1760 at Wappingers Falls, Dutchess County, New York.

Adolphus Brouwer (M)
b. 10 August 1684, #4880
Pop-up Pedigree
Relationship=2nd cousin 8 times removed of David Kipp Conover Jr..

     Adolphus Brouwer was also known as Adoph Brower. He was baptized on 10 August 1684 at Dutch Reformed Church, Brooklyn, Kings County, New York. He was the son of Willem Brouwer and Elisabeth Simpson. Adolphus Brouwer married Jannetie Verdon, daughter of Jacobus Verdon and Femmitie Westervelt, circa 1713 at Hackensack, Bergen County, New Jersey.

Jacob Verdon Jr. (M)
b. circa 1693, d. 1759, #4881
Pop-up Pedigree
Relationship=6th great-granduncle of David Kipp Conover Jr..

     Jacob Verdon Jr. was also known as Jacob Jacobse Ferdon. Jacob Verdon Jr. was born circa 1693 at New Utrecht, Kings County, New York. He was the son of Jacobus Verdon and Femmitie Westervelt. Jacob Verdon Jr. married Maritie Vliereboom on 8 April 1720 at Dutch Reformed Church, New York City, New York County, New York. Jacob Verdon Jr. and Maritie Vliereboom at Dutch Reformed Church, Schraalenburgh, Bergen County, New Jersey, 1750. Jacob Verdon Jr. left a will on 18 October 1755 at Schraalenburgh, Bergen County, New Jersey. He died in 1759 at Schraalenburgh, Bergen County, New Jersey. His estate was proved on 3 June 1760. He left a will on 10 June 1760.

Maritie Vliereboom (F)
b. 27 February 1697/98, #4882

     Maritie Vliereboom was also known as Maria Flierboom. She was baptized on 27 February 1697/98 at Dutch Reformed Church, New York City, New York County, New York. She married Jacob Verdon Jr., son of Jacobus Verdon and Femmitie Westervelt, on 8 April 1720 at Dutch Reformed Church, New York City, New York County, New York. Maritie Vliereboom and Jacob Verdon Jr. at Dutch Reformed Church, Schraalenburgh, Bergen County, New Jersey, 1750.

Jacob Verdon (M)
b. circa 1599, d. circa 1633, #4883
Pop-up Pedigree
Relationship=9th great-grandfather of David Kipp Conover Jr..

     Jacob Verdon was born circa 1599 at Probably, La Rochelle, France. He was the son of Jean Verdon. Jacob Verdon was born circa 1600 at Netherlands. He married Mary Badie, daughter of Thomas Badie and Aeltje Braconie, circa 1623 at Netherlands. Jacob Verdon married Mary Badie, daughter of Thomas Badie and Aeltje Braconie, in 1624; unknown, possibly at sea. Jacob Verdon died circa 1633 at Probably, New Amsterdam, New York County, New York. He died before 1636; Before his wife emigrated to New Netherland probably: m. about 1623, probably (qas his eldest known child, Magdalena, m March 19, 1645, in North America, and on the assumption that she was 21 years old at marriage she must have been born abt 1624, and her parents must have meen arried about 1623). It is not though thought that Jacob Verdon ever came to this country; but if he did, he must have died soon after his arrival here and his widow married her second husband Willem Adrianse Bennet, in time to bear hin a son whom Bergen (KCO, p.30 states was born in 1639.

Mary Badie (F)
b. circa 1604, d. after January 1697, #4884
Pop-up Pedigree
Relationship=9th great-grandmother of David Kipp Conover Jr..

     Mary Badie was born circa 1600. She was also known as Maritie Badye. She was also known as Mary Badye. She was also known as Mary Thomas Badie. She was also known as Marie Badie. She was also known as Maria Badie. She was also known as Mary Thomas. She was also known as Maria Thomas Badie. Mary Badie was born circa 1604 at Probably, Waverveen, Utrect Prov., Netherlands. She was the daughter of Thomas Badie and Aeltje Braconie. Mary Badie married Jacob Verdon, son of Jean Verdon, circa 1623 at Netherlands. Mary Badie married Jacob Verdon, son of Jean Verdon, in 1624; unknown, possibly at sea. Mary Badie emigrated between 1635 and 1638 from New Netherland, New York; Mary Badie came over to this country some time between 1635 and 1638 either with her first husband, Jacob Verdon, or without him as his widow, which alternative is not positively determined. If she came without him, she was enciente with hers last child by him, her son Thomas Verdon, who is recorded as a native of New Netherland. She married Willem Adriansz Bennet, son of Adrian Bennet, in 1636. Mary Badie married Paulus Van Der Beeck on 9 October 1644. Mary Badie and Paulus Van Der Beeck resided at at Gowanus, Kings County, New York, before 1657. Mary Badie died after January 1697 at Gowanus, Kings County, New York.

Jean Verdon (M)
#4885
Relationship=10th great-grandfather of David Kipp Conover Jr..

     Jean Verdon was also known as Jean Ferdon. He was also known as Jan Ferdon. He married an unknown person.

Thomas Badie (M)
b. circa 1586, #4886
Relationship=10th great-grandfather of David Kipp Conover Jr..

     Thomas Badie was also known as Thomas Badye. Thomas Badie was born circa 1586. Thomas Badie was born circa 1586 at Probably, Netherlands. He married Aeltje Braconie, daughter of Eli Braconie, circa 1603; 1st marriage Aeltje.

Magdalena Jacobs Verdon (F)
b. circa 1625, d. after 12 August 1698, #4887
Pop-up Pedigree
Relationship=8th great-grandaunt of David Kipp Conover Jr..

     Magdalena Jacobs Verdon was also known as Magdalena Verdon. She was also known as Magdalena Fardon. Magdalena Jacobs Verdon was born circa 1624 at Netherlands. Magdalena Jacobs Verdon was born circa 1625 at Probably, New Amsterdam, New York County, New York. She was the daughter of Jacob Verdon and Mary Badie. Magdalena Jacobs Verdon resided at at New Amsterdam, New York County, New York, between 1627 and 1637. She emigrated between 1635 and 1638 from Netherlands; When mother emegrated. She came over with her mother (and possibly father) and was probably accompanied by her grandmother, Aeltje Brackhoengie. She resided at at Gowanus, Kings County, New York, between 1637 and 1644. Marriage banns for Magdalena Jacobs Verdon and Adam Brouwer Berkhoven were published on 19 March 1645 at Dutch Reformed Church, New Amsterdam, New York County, New York. Magdalena Jacobs Verdon married Adam Brouwer Berkhoven, son of Adam Brouwer, on 21 March 1645. On 12 August 1698 Conveyed property to sons and sons-in-law.
Magdalena Jacobs Verdon died after 12 August 1698 at Gowanus, Kings County, New York.

Adam Brouwer Berkhoven (M)
b. 18 January 1621, d. 21 March 1692, #4888
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     Adam Brouwer Berkhoven was born at Cologne, North Rhine Westphalia, Germany. He was also known as Adam Brouwer. Adam Brouwer Berkhoven was born on 18 January 1621 at New York City, New York County, New York. Adam Brouwer Berkhoven was born on 18 January 1621 at Cologne, France. He was the son of Adam Brouwer. Adam Brouwer Berkhoven emigrated in 1642. He before 1645 at Soldier Dutch West India Company, Brazil. Marriage banns for Adam Brouwer Berkhoven and Magdalena Jacobs Verdon were published on 19 March 1645 at Dutch Reformed Church, New Amsterdam, New York County, New York. Adam Brouwer Berkhoven married Magdalena Jacobs Verdon, daughter of Jacob Verdon and Mary Badie, on 21 March 1645. On 1650 (an unknown value).
Adam Brouwer Berkhoven gave oath of allegiance in September 1687 at Brooklyn, Kings County, New York; Resident 45 of Brooklyn 45 years. He died on 21 March 1692 at age 71.

Susannah Swift (F)
b. 21 February 1734, d. 8 June 1806, #4889
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Relationship=1st cousin 5 times removed of David Kipp Conover Jr..

     Susannah Swift was born in 1734. Susannah Swift was born on 21 February 1734 at Dartmouth, Bristol County, Massachusetts. She was the daughter of Jireh Swift Jr. and Deborah Hathaway. Susannah Swift married Samuel Perry, son of Ebenezer Perry and Abigail Presbury, on 14 April 1754 at Dartmouth, Bristol County, Massachusetts. Susannah Swift died on 8 June 1806 at New Bedford, Bristol County, Massachusetts, at age 72.

Samuel Perry (M)
b. 27 June 1731, d. 15 April 1805, #4890
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Relationship=3rd cousin 7 times removed of David Kipp Conover Jr..

     Samuel Perry was born on 27 June 1731 at Sandwich, Barnstable County, Massachusetts. He was the son of Ebenezer Perry and Abigail Presbury. Samuel Perry married Susannah Swift, daughter of Jireh Swift Jr. and Deborah Hathaway, on 14 April 1754 at Dartmouth, Bristol County, Massachusetts. Samuel Perry died on 15 April 1805 at New Bedford, Bristol County, Massachusetts, at age 73.

Deborah Perry (F)
b. 14 October 1754, d. 1808, #4891
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Relationship=2nd cousin 4 times removed of David Kipp Conover Jr..

     Deborah Perry was born on 14 October 1754 at Dartmouth, Bristol County, Massachusetts. She was the daughter of Samuel Perry and Susannah Swift. Deborah Perry married Joseph Church, son of Caleb Church and Mary Pope, before 1783. Deborah Perry died in 1808.

Joseph Church (M)
b. 14 December 1752, d. 1839, #4892
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Relationship=5th cousin 4 times removed of David Kipp Conover Jr..

     Joseph Church was born on 14 December 1752 at Dartmouth, Bristol County, Massachusetts. He was the son of Caleb Church and Mary Pope. Joseph Church married Deborah Perry, daughter of Samuel Perry and Susannah Swift, before 1783. Joseph Church died in 1839 at Fairhaven, Bristol County, Massachusetts.

Deborah Church (F)
b. 21 March 1783, d. 7 August 1827, #4893
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Relationship=3rd cousin 3 times removed of David Kipp Conover Jr..

     Deborah Church was born on 21 March 1783 at Fairhaven, Bristol County, Massachusetts. She was the daughter of Joseph Church and Deborah Perry. Deborah Church married Warren Delano, son of Ephraim Delano and Elizabeth Cushman, on 6 November 1808 at Fairhaven, Bristol County, Massachusetts. Deborah Church died on 7 August 1827 at Fairhaven, Bristol County, Massachusetts, at age 44.

Warren Delano (M)
b. 28 October 1779, d. 25 September 1866, #4894
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Relationship=3rd cousin 5 times removed of David Kipp Conover Jr..

     Warren Delano was born on 28 October 1779 at Fairhaven, Bristol County, Massachusetts. He was the son of Ephraim Delano and Elizabeth Cushman. Warren Delano married Deborah Church, daughter of Joseph Church and Deborah Perry, on 6 November 1808 at Fairhaven, Bristol County, Massachusetts. Warren Delano married Eliza Adams on 2 April 1828. Warren Delano died on 25 September 1866 at Fairhaven, Bristol County, Massachusetts, at age 86.

Warren Delano II (M)
b. 13 July 1809, d. 17 January 1898, #4895
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Relationship=4th cousin 2 times removed of David Kipp Conover Jr..

     Warren Delano II was born on 13 July 1809 at Fairhaven, Bristol County, Massachusetts. He was the son of Warren Delano and Deborah Church. Warren Delano II married Catherine Robbins Lyman on 1 November 1843 at Northampton, Massachusetts. Warren Delano II died on 17 January 1898 at Algonac-on-Hudson, Newburgh, Orange County, New York, at age 88. He died on 17 January 1898 at Algonac, Saint Clair County, Michigan, at age 88. WARREN DELANO II, President Roosevelt's grandfather, born July 13, 1809 in Fairhaven, also embarked upon a maritime career. In 1833, he sailed to China as supercargo on board the COMMERCE bound for Canton where he became associated with the shipping firm, Russell Sturgis and Company. In January 1840 he became a partner in the house of Russell and Company, also of Canton. During the Opium War, Warren remained in Canton and Macao, serving as acting counsel for the United States. In 1843 he returned to the United States where he married Catherine Robbins Lyman (a daughter of Judge Joseph Lyman of Massachusetts). Shortly thereafter the couple departed for Macao and remained there until 1846. After returning to the United States, the Delanos lived in New York until 1851 when they moved to 'Algonac' near Newburgh, New York. At this time Warren's financial interests were settled in real estate and mining. During the panic of 1857 Delano suffered severe financial losses and in 1859 he returned to China to refresh his fortune. His family, which included the President's mother, Sara, joined him at Hong Kong in 1862, returning to the United States after the Civil War. Warren Delano died at 'Algonac' on January 17, 1898, nearly two years after the death of his wife Catherine on February 10, 1896.

Catherine Robbins Lyman (F)
b. 12 January 1825, d. 10 February 1896, #4896

     Catherine Robbins Lyman was born on 12 January 1825 at Northampton, Massachusetts. She married Warren Delano II, son of Warren Delano and Deborah Church, on 1 November 1843 at Northampton, Massachusetts. Catherine Robbins Lyman died on 10 February 1896 at Algonac-on-Hudson, Newburgh, Orange County, New York, at age 71.

Sara Delano (F)
b. 21 September 1854, d. 7 September 1941, #4897
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Relationship=5th cousin 1 time removed of David Kipp Conover Jr..

     Sara Delano was born on 21 September 1854 at Algonac, Saint Clair County, Michigan. Sara Delano was born on 21 September 1854 at Algonac-on-Hudson, Newburgh, Orange County, New York. She was the daughter of Warren Delano II and Catherine Robbins Lyman. Sara Delano married James Roosevelt, son of Dr. Isaac Roosevelt MD and Mary Rebecca Aspinwall, on 7 October 1880 at Algonac, Saint Clair County, Michigan; 2 nd marriage James. Sara Delano died on 7 September 1941 at Hyde Park, New York, at age 86. Extract from 'Before the Trumpet'
By 1862, Warren Delano’s fortunes had improved, not enough to permit him to come home, but enough for him to arrange passage on a clipper, the 'Surprise', and send for his family to join him at Hong Kong.
Again, Catherine did what he wished without complaint. 'I suppose it was altogether terrifying to my... mother to give up her beautiful home and its peaceful security for perhaps the rest of her life,' Sara said later, but if she felt anxiety or resentment she masked it from the children. Algonac was leased to Warren’s old Canton friend, Abbot Low, the owner of the 'Surprise', and she resolutely marched her children aboard at New York on June 25.
The voyage would be a family adventure, the greatest of Sara's childhood. Seventy-five years later she liked to entertain her great-grandchildren at Hyde Park by singing the chanteys the sailors sang as they raised the sails:
Down the river hauled a Yankee clipper, And it’s blow, my bully boys, blow She’s a Yankee mate and a Yankee skipper, And it’s blow, my bully boys, blow
The seven Delano children ranged in age from Louise, now sixteen and chronically ill, down to Cassie, just two and known to the rest off the family as 'the posthumous child' because she had been born while her father was away. Sara was seven. With them went Cousin Nannie and two nurses.
Catherine Delano kept a detailed journal of the trip. There is not a word of complaint in it; perilous sea voyages of 128 days were just another part of her job. Even the prospect of attack from a Confederate privateer did not faze her. The captain was alarmed when a steamer appeared on the horizon not long after they got under way, she noted, but she herself 'was perfectly cool and not at all frightened.' (It turned out to be a friendly British vessel.)
The children and their nurses were constantly seasick. It snowed one day off Madagascar, and registered 126 degrees on deck in the China Sea. Sara developed chilblains; Cassie suffered from heat rash. It rained for days and Catherine had to keep the children entertained below deck while the ship pitched and plunged through heavy seas. There were other long stretches when the clipper rested motionless in the water, becalmed. The captain was often 'very discouraged,' Catherine noted; she herself never admitted that she was.
Some of the younger children were obstreperous. Warren clambered all over the ship; Cassie was 'perpetual motion' whenever she could get free of her nurse’s arms. Sara remained cautious and sober, did as she was told. Her name appears less often in her mother’s diary than those of the other younger children.
She and Philippe were closest, and she often led him by the hand. Together they climbed into the sailmaker's loft almost every day, 'decidedly a resource,' their mother wrote, not knowing that the old sailor's chief attraction was his ability to jab needles deep into his callused thumb without apparent pain.
One morning Sara and Philippe were gazing drowsily into the water when the ship glided past a huge green sunfish, basking on the surface, twelve feet across from fin to fin. Sara shouted, and a sailor snatched up a harpoon and drove it into the great fish’s back. It was hauled on deck and hacked open: scores of little silver fish spilled onto the bloody deck.
The voyage was not all arduous or exotic. Captain Ranlett did his best to make his passengers feel at home. The adults read aloud the novels of James Fenimore Cooper and leafed through back numbers of the Atlantic Monthly. The children studied French, sang 'Bonnie Doon,' and danced the Virginia Reel around the new piano they were taking out to Macao.
On the Fourth of July, the captain fired thirteen guns in honor of the original states and let the older children touch off a fourteenth for luck. A special frosted cake appeared at tea, and, after dark, skyrockets were set off on deck. Then, while Captain Ranlett played the organ, passengers and crew joined in singing 'national airs,' the thin homey sound of 'Yankee Doodle' drifting out across the black surface of the alien sea.
The Delano children got their first glimpse of Hong Kong on the morning of October 31, a blue-gray smudge on the horizon, where their mother had told them their father lived. Shortly after ten, standing at the rail, Sara saw a small vessel moving purposefully toward them. It was the family houseboat, a dozen Chinese sailors straining at the oars.
At the helm, urging his men on, sat her father. Sara never forgot how he looked at that moment, 'all dressed in white... very tall and good-looking, with his side-whiskers and moustache, coming very quickly up the side of the ship on a ladder the sailors had let down.'
He sprang to the deck of the 'Surprise' and lifted her into the air in his great arms.

James Roosevelt (M)
b. 16 July 1828, d. 8 December 1900, #4898
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Relationship=7th cousin 2 times removed of David Kipp Conover Jr..

     James Roosevelt was born on 16 July 1828 at Hyde Park, New York. He was the son of Dr. Isaac Roosevelt MD and Mary Rebecca Aspinwall. James Roosevelt married Sara Delano, daughter of Warren Delano II and Catherine Robbins Lyman, on 7 October 1880 at Algonac, Saint Clair County, Michigan; 2 nd marriage James. James Roosevelt died on 8 December 1900 at Hyde Park, New York, at age 72.

President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (M)
b. 30 January 1882, d. 12 April 1945, #4899
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Relationship=6th cousin of David Kipp Conover Jr..

     President Franklin Delano Roosevelt was born on 30 January 1882 at Hyde Park, New York. He was the son of James Roosevelt and Sara Delano. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt married Anna Eleanor Roosevelt, daughter of Elliott Roosevelt and Anna Rebecca Hall, on 17 March 1905 at New York City, New York County, New York. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt was shown in the census on 16 April 1910 as a lawyer.
President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Anna Eleanor Roosevelt appeared on the census of 16 April 1910 at Manhattan, New York County, New York; 3 children, 2 living.



In the census on 12 January 1920 President Franklin Delano Roosevelt was named F. D. Roosevelt. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt was shown in the census on 12 January 1920 as Assistant Secretary of the Navy.
President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Anna Eleanor Roosevelt appeared on the census of 12 January 1920 at Washington, Distict of Columbia. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt was shown in the census on 2 April 1930 as the Governor of New York.
President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Anna Eleanor Roosevelt appeared on the census of 2 April 1930 at Albany, Albany County, New York. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt held the position of 32nd President of the United States between 1933 and 1945. He died on 12 April 1945 at Warm Springs, Georgia, at age 63.

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (1882-1945), 32nd president of the United States (1933-1945). Roosevelt served longer than any other president. His unprecedented election to four terms in office will probably never be repeated; the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, passed after his death, denies the right of any person to be elected president more than twice.
Roosevelt held office during two of the greatest crises ever faced by the United States: the Great Depression of the 1930s, followed by World War II. His domestic program, known as the New Deal, introduced far-reaching reforms within the free enterprise system and prepared the way for what is often called the welfare state. His leadership of the Democratic Party transformed it into a political vehicle for American liberalism. Both in peacetime and in war his impact on the office of president was enormous. Although there had been strong presidents before him, they were the exception. In Roosevelt's 12 years in office strong executive leadership became a basic part of United States government. He made the office of president the center of diplomatic initiative and the focus of domestic reform.

Early Life
Roosevelt was born at his family's estate at Hyde Park, in Dutchess County, New York. He was the only child of James Roosevelt and Sara Delano Roosevelt. James Roosevelt was a moderately successful businessman, with a variety of investments and a special interest in coal. He was also a conservative Democrat who was interested in politics. His home overlooking the Hudson River was comfortable without being ostentatious, and the family occupied a prominent position among the social elite of the area. Sara Delano, 26 years younger than her previously widowed husband, brought to the marriage a fortune considerably larger than that of James Roosevelt. The Delano family had prospered trading with China, and Sara herself had spent some time with her parents in Hong Kong. Thus, Franklin was born into a pleasant and sociable home, with loving parents and congenial, rather aristocratic companions.

Education
Roosevelt spent his early years at Hyde Park. During the summers he was often taken on European trips, and he also spent much time at a vacation home that James Roosevelt purchased on Campobello Island, on the Bay of Fundy, in New Brunswick, Canada. It was a pleasant life for the young Roosevelt, who was fond of the outdoors. He soon developed a passionate interest in natural history and became an ardent bird watcher. He grew to love outdoor sports and became an expert swimmer and a fine sailor.
His mother supervised his education until he was 14. French-speaking and German-speaking tutors did most of the actual instruction and helped him develop early a talent for those languages. Young Roosevelt was a voracious reader. He was particularly fond of adventure tales, especially those that touched on the sea. He also developed an absorbing interest in stamp collecting, a hobby that taught him both history and geography and that was to afford him pleasure and relaxation during all of his adult life.
Roosevelt's parents sent him off in 1896 for further education. They selected Groton School in Massachusetts, which had a reputation as one of the finest of the exclusive private schools that prepared boys for the Ivy League colleges. Young Roosevelt was a good student, popular with his fellow students as well as with his teachers.
From Groton Roosevelt went on to Harvard College. He entered in 1899, the year before his father died, and remained until 1904. He took his bachelor's degree in 1903 but returned to Harvard in the fall to serve as editor of the student newspaper, The Crimson. He was an above-average student at Harvard, but he devoted a great deal of time to extracurricular activities, and his grades suffered as a consequence. He was particularly interested in history and political economy and took courses in those subjects with outstanding professors. Although he was a competent journalist, his editorials in The Crimson were chiefly concerned with school spirit in athletics and show no sign of growing social consciousness or political awareness. However, he joined a Republican club in 1900, out of boyish enthusiasm for the vice-presidential candidacy of his distant cousin Theodore Roosevelt. In 1904 he cast his first vote in a presidential election for his cousin, who had become president after the assassination of President William McKinley in 1901. Afterward, however, Franklin joined his father's political party, and he probably never again voted for a Republican.
Roosevelt then moved to New York City, where he entered the Columbia University Law School in 1904. Although he attended classes until 1907, he failed to stay on for his law degree after passing the state examinations allowing him to practice law. For the next three years he was a clerk in a prominent law firm in New York City, but the evidence is clear that he had little interest in law and little enthusiasm to be a lawyer.

Marriage
Well before he finished his work at Columbia, young Franklin Roosevelt had married his distant cousin Anna Eleanor Roosevelt. They had been in love for some time and were determined to marry in spite of the opposition of Franklin's mother. The bride's uncle, President Theodore Roosevelt, was present at the ceremony in New York City on March 17, 1905. Five of their six children grew to maturity: Anna, James, Elliott, Franklin, Jr., and John. The chief problem faced by the young couple during the early years of their marriage was Sara Roosevelt's possessive attitude toward her son. Eleanor's forbearance mitigated this situation, but the problem remained for many years.
Entry Into Politics

State Senator
Roosevelt formally entered politics in 1910, when he became a candidate for the New York State Senate in a district composed of three upstate farming counties. Democratic leaders had approached young Roosevelt because of his name and local prominence-and because he might be expected to pay his own election expenses. The 28-year-old Roosevelt campaigned hard, stressing his deep personal interest in conservation and other issues of concern in an agricultural area and also his strong support of honest and efficient government. In the first good year for Democrats since the early 1890s he was narrowly elected. He was only the second Democrat to represent his district after the emergence of the Republican Party in 1856.
In the state capitol at Albany, Roosevelt gained statewide publicity as the leader of a small group of upstate Democrats who refused to follow the leadership of Tammany Hall, also known as the Tammany Society, the Democratic Party organization of New York City. In particular, they refused to vote for the rich politician William F. "Blue-Eyed Bill" Sheehan for U.S. senator. Roosevelt's group succeeded in blocking the election of Sheehan, which infuriated Tammany Hall. The dramatic struggle drew the attention of New York voters to the tall vigorous new state senator with the magic name of Roosevelt. He soon became a dedicated social and economic reformer, and a political independent. He was reelected in 1912, in spite of a case of typhoid fever that kept him from campaigning.
Roosevelt entrusted his campaign management to the journalist Louis McHenry Howe. Howe, a genius at politics, performed brilliantly. Henceforth, Roosevelt and Howe were to be almost inseparable, and Howe, a wizened and colorful little man, guided the political fortunes of the Hyde Park aristocrat.
Assistant Secretary of the Navy
Even before his reelection to the New York legislature, Roosevelt had entered the national political arena by taking part in the campaign of Governor Woodrow Wilson of New Jersey for the Democratic nomination for president. Once again the young state senator was a member of a minority group among New York Democrats. When Wilson won at both the convention and the polls in 1912, his early supporters were rewarded, and Roosevelt became assistant secretary of the United States Navy. Roosevelt resigned his state senate seat and moved to Washington, D.C., to take over the position once occupied by his cousin Theodore Roosevelt.
Franklin Roosevelt's years as assistant secretary, from 1913 to 1920, taught him both how to get things accomplished and, just as important for an executive, how to avoid unnecessary trouble. He had the devoted assistance of Louis Howe, who came along to the nation's capital as Roosevelt's assistant. Roosevelt's superior was Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels, a North Carolina editor. Daniels was a close friend and devoted follower of Nebraska editor and former Representative William Jennings Bryan, three times the Democratic candidate for president and Wilson's secretary of state. Like Bryan, Daniels was concerned about agrarian issues and was a progressive reformer. He was also an isolationist (someone who believed that the United States should avoid alliances with other nations), who hated the idea of war. Young Roosevelt, an energetic supporter of a bigger navy and soon a warm friend of most of the leading admirals, inevitably had many disagreements with his chief, especially during Wilson's first term. Daniels had the confidence both of the president and of the most influential Democrats in the Congress of the United States; Roosevelt had neither of these. However, in time the two men came to have genuine respect for one another's different talents, and they remained good friends.
The Daniels-Roosevelt administration of the Navy Department was highly effective. American entry into World War I in 1917 found the navy in relatively good shape. Roosevelt, as the second in command, was particularly concerned with the civilian employees of the department. With the help of the energetic Howe, he made excellent contacts with labor leaders in the course of smoothing relations between the navy and its workers. Roosevelt was also involved in the enormous build-up of the naval forces and with the general administration of the department. Frequent public speeches brought him to the attention of the public, and he soon had a reputation as a young man of great promise. He turned down an opportunity to win the Democratic nomination for governor of New York in 1918 in order to go on a three-month tour of duty in Europe, during which he visited the western front in France. Although he wanted to go on active duty as a naval officer, both Wilson and Daniels insisted that he stay on as assistant secretary of the navy. He remained at that post until August 1920, when he resigned to campaign as the Democratic candidate for vice president.

Vice-Presidential Candidate
The Democratic National Convention of 1920 nominated as its candidate for president the governor of Ohio, James M. Cox. It was natural for the convention to turn to Roosevelt for the second position on the ticket. He was a member of the Wilson administration, closely identified with the League of Nations, an international association of countries that would, according to Wilson, prevent future wars. Roosevelt was young, handsome, energetic, and had a reputation as a fine administrator. He also came from an important state. Nevertheless the Cox-Roosevelt campaign was hopeless, for the American people had had enough of Democratic leadership and quickly responded to the pledge of the Republican candidate, Warren G. Harding, for a return to "normalcy." Roosevelt campaigned vigorously for a losing cause, making friends among Democratic leaders from coast to coast. After November 1920 he was a widely known public figure, even if he no longer held public office. Roosevelt, still under 40, could afford to wait.
Illness
Roosevelt resumed his law career on a part-time basis, and became vice president of the Fidelity and Deposit Company of Maryland. In this position he was in charge of the New York office of one of the most important companies handling bonds for public officials. Roosevelt's wide contacts and administrative talents provided an excellent background for this situation. Roosevelt also dabbled in a series of speculative ventures, none of which turned out very well.
Personal tragedy struck Roosevelt in August 1921, when he contracted what was diagnosed, after an unfortunate delay, as poliomyelitis. He had been plagued by illness of various sorts during the previous decade, and he had overexerted himself swimming and hiking at Campobello. In great agony and completely unable to walk, Roosevelt seemed to have reached the end of his active public career. Indeed, his mother wanted him to return to Hyde Park for the peace and quiet of the life of a country gentleman. However, backed by the determination of his wife and Louis Howe, Roosevelt decided to return to his work as soon as possible. In spite of the efforts of numerous specialists and of his strenuous exercises, particularly swimming at his "second home" in Warm Springs, Georgia, he was never again able to walk unaided. He spent most of his working hours in a wheelchair, and he walked with leg braces and canes, usually with help. Through the worst years of his paralysis, Roosevelt was amazingly cheerful. Eleanor Roosevelt often acted as her husband's eyes and ears, bringing him information and conferring with people he was no longer readily able to meet. Howe remained close by Roosevelt, assisting him in many ways and planning for his return to public life.

Governor of New York
Roosevelt continued to busy himself with Democratic politics after his illness. In 1922 he aided Alfred E. Smith, who in that year made a successful political comeback and became governor of New York for the second time. In 1924 Roosevelt made a rousing nominating speech for Smith at the Democratic National Convention at Madison Square Garden, in New York City, calling the governor the "Happy Warrior." Although Smith was unable to win the Democratic presidential nomination in 1924, he was reelected governor that year and again in 1926. In 1928 Roosevelt again nominated Smith for president at the national convention. This time, Smith was chosen, becoming the first Roman Catholic nominated by a major U.S. party as its candidate for president.
At Smith's urging, and against the advice of Eleanor Roosevelt and Louis Howe, Roosevelt agreed to run for governor. Smith, well aware that his own religion, his identification with urban issues, and his opposition to the prohibition of liquor would hurt him in rural Protestant areas, needed the help of Roosevelt in New York state. Ironically, Roosevelt was elected governor by the narrow margin of 25,000 out of 4.5 million votes cast, while Smith lost New York, and the presidency, to Herbert Hoover. Smith felt that his defeat was solely the result of religious prejudice, but it is unlikely that any Democrat could have defeated the Republicans in 1928.
Roosevelt thus succeeded Smith as governor in January 1929. He soon made it clear that he was going to have his own administration by replacing key Smith associates, and before long there was coolness between the two former political allies. Like Smith, Roosevelt had to cope with a Republican legislature. Since Smith had been responsible for a series of important social and administrative reforms, Roosevelt faced a difficult task in working out a distinctive program of his own. His first successes were in the fields of conservation and tax relief for farmers, areas in which he shared a common interest with his Republican legislators. In time he developed a skill as a political manager and a superb style of speaking on the radio. He was also careful to develop support among different groups for his plans.

Stock Market Crash
In October 1929 the economic prosperity that the United States had enjoyed for most of the 1920s came to an abrupt end. During this period many people had put their savings and earnings in risky investments, particularly the buying of stocks on margin. In these cases, the buyer put up as little as 3 percent of a stock's price in cash and borrowed the remainder from the broker. The growing demand for stocks and the prosperous state of the nation as a whole caused stock prices to rise, which in turn encouraged more stock purchases.
Stock prices reached their height in the so-called "Hoover bull market" during the first six months of the Hoover administration. People invested billions of dollars in the stock market, obtaining money by borrowing from banks, mortgaging their homes, and selling lower-risk government securities, such as Liberty Bonds.
Buying stock on margin was a risky bet that the price of that stock would continue to increase. In August 1929 approximately 300 million shares of stock had been purchased on margin. During normal business periods a share of stock had been purchased mostly for the dividend it paid, but during the Hoover bull market stocks were purchased increasingly to sell at a higher price. Unfortunately, industry sales had begun to slow down, indicating that stock prices were likely to fall because industries would pay smaller dividends. In September 1929 some investors began selling stocks, believing prices had reached their highest level and would fall in the near future. Other investors began selling, too, and as they sold the price to buy those stocks began to fall more quickly. The decline in prices especially threatened those who had purchased on margin, because they owed their broker the amount of the original price of the stock-even if that stock was now worth only half as much.
As a result, by October 1929 the feverish buying had stopped and had given way to desperate selling. Prices dropped rapidly, and thousands of people lost all they had invested. Many were completely ruined financially. On October 29 the New York Stock Exchange, the largest in the world, had its worst day of panic selling. By the end of the year stock values had declined by $15 billion.
Following the stock market crash of October 1929 Roosevelt found himself a depression governor, with new problems to face. In 1930 he was reelected by the unprecedented number of 725,000 votes.

Road to the Presidency
As an energetic governor and a leading progressive reformer who was also head of the nation's most populous state, Roosevelt was automatically a leading contender for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1932. His inability to walk unaided had proved to be no political problem; indeed, many New Yorkers were unaware that their governor used a wheelchair. Roosevelt and Howe planned the campaign carefully. As the front-runner, Roosevelt was in some danger of becoming the man against whom the other candidates might combine. This could be fatal to his chances, since at that time it was necessary that a candidate secure two-thirds of the convention vote in order to win the nomination. Due to the growing unpopularity of the depression-ridden Hoover administration, 1932 looked like a Democratic year, and thus the Democratic nomination was pursued more aggressively than it had been for years.
New York Democratic chairman James Aloysius Farley traveled across the country in the summer of 1931 and made friends for Roosevelt and himself in each state he visited. He reported on his return that prospects were excellent for Roosevelt in all of these states except California, where newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst had great power and where the Democratic Party was a shambles. Hearst's newspapers, bitter in their attacks on Hoover, gave their support to Speaker of the House John Nance Garner of Texas, whose isolationist views were more congenial to Hearst than were the views of a man still identified with former President Wilson's campaign for the League of Nations. Roosevelt, in an effort to ensure that Hearst would not lead a fight against him, announced that he no longer favored U.S. entry into the League of Nations. This position angered many supporters of Wilson, who felt that Roosevelt had turned his back on Wilson's memory.

Democratic National Convention
Fortunately for Roosevelt his opponents for the nomination, including the now-embittered Al Smith, were never able to organize against him and keep him from getting the necessary two-thirds vote. The strongest opposition to Roosevelt came from city leaders in the Northeast. His chief strength came from the South and West. He was nominated on the fourth ballot, after Garner agreed to accept the vice-presidential nomination. In part to demonstrate his physical capability and in part to show that he was ready to break with tradition, Roosevelt flew to Chicago, Illinois, to accept the nomination in person rather than wait weeks to reply to a formal notice of his nomination. In a dramatic speech to the convention, Roosevelt pledged a New Deal for the American people. The term New Deal came to describe Roosevelt's domestic policies, under which the government became much more directly involved in national social and economic affairs than ever before.

1932 Presidential Election
Roosevelt had more difficulty in winning the Democratic nomination in 1932 than he had in defeating President Hoover. In spite of Hoover's unprecedented efforts to use the power of the federal government to overcome the Great Depression, he was completely identified with the policies of former U.S. presidents Warren Harding (1921-1923) and of Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929), since he had served as secretary of commerce in both administrations. Roosevelt's task was essentially a simple one: to convince the American people that because the Republicans had claimed full credit for the prosperity of the 1920s, they should receive full blame for the depression. Roosevelt was spectacularly successful. He had an exuberance as a campaigner, a glowing confidence, and a warmth that was transmitted to his listeners. He toured widely by train, making brief appearances to cheering crowds and delivering carefully prepared speeches nearly every night. He promised to a despondent people a New Deal in manner and in spirit. Roosevelt won a resounding victory, losing only six states out of a total of 48. Of the six, four were in traditionally Republican New England.
President of the United States
When Roosevelt became president, on March 4, 1933, the Great Depression was at its worst. Sixteen million or more people were unemployed, and many had been out of work for a year or even longer. The American banking system had collapsed. Many states had declared so-called bank holidays, or enforced closings to prevent banks from being ruined when depositors withdrew all their money. Although the American depression had been touched off by the stock market crash in New York City in October 1929, it had since become part of a worldwide economic collapse. Whether Americans would be satisfied with the new leadership depended on Roosevelt's success in bringing aid to those in distress and in achieving some measure of economic improvement.
Roosevelt's first inaugural address, with its pledge to make war upon the depression and its ringing phrase, "we have nothing to fear but fear itself," brought a new style to the U.S. presidency. Roosevelt was confident, both in himself as a leader and in the American people. His liking for people came through to them over the radio and in the press. Out of his general bewilderment with the failure of the U.S. economy came few specific promises, but Americans probably felt more comfortable under the leadership of a man pledged to experiment than they had under Hoover's leadership, which had seemed inflexible. At least the prospect of change offered hope to the millions of people trapped in the depression.
Domestic Programs 1933-1941
First Appointments
At this time, Roosevelt was 51. He was vigorous and hard-working but capable of relaxation and in excellent health and spirits. His brief legislative experience and his public administrative careers had given him a wide acquaintance among political leaders. He was an irregular Democrat because he had asked for and obtained the support of progressive Republicans in his campaign and had rewarded several of them with high positions in his government. As president he sought to be "president of all the people." He stressed that the conquest of the depression was "above politics," one of Roosevelt's favorite terms but one not popular with professional Democrats who wanted Roosevelt to give them government jobs. It is noteworthy that Roosevelt frequently turned for help to people not previously identified with Democratic Party politics, such as what was called the Brain Trust, which was made up of faculty members from Columbia University (Raymond Moley, Adolf Berle, and Rexford Tugwell) and from Harvard (Thomas Corcoran and Benjamin Cohen). Roosevelt liked to learn through listening to and questioning experts, thus becoming familiar with different points of view. He was not usually communicative in return, and preferred to make up his mind in private. Indeed, he was "a private person," as Tugwell put it, in spite of his warm public personality. He had a genius for simple, clear speaking, and he projected a sense of dedication with a rousing style. He was at his best in press conferences, generally held twice a week. He knew how to handle questions easily, and had a quick sense of humor and an enormous fund of detailed information. The reporters usually liked him, and he received good press throughout his presidency, even when most newspaper publishers had turned against him and his policies.
"Deserving Democrats" also got attention in Roosevelt's administration, thanks particularly to James A. Farley, both postmaster general and Democratic national chairman. However, much of the most important work went to men and women who had never engaged in any sort of politics. Louis Howe, now secretary to the president, continued to help his old chief but did not play an important role in creating policy. The Cabinet was generally undistinguished, but it did contain the first female Cabinet member, Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins.

The Hundred Days
Roosevelt immediately called a special session of Congress to deal with the depression rather than wait for the regular session in December. The legislation passed by Congress and signed by Roosevelt in the spring of 1933 was remarkable, both in number of bills passed and in their scope. Contemporaries called it the Hundred Days, a term that historians continue to use. No session of Congress had ever produced so much important legislation. Not until 1965 did another president or Congress accomplish as much.
Roosevelt had called the special session to deal with the banking crisis, economy in government, and changes to the liquor law. Congress quickly responded to the first and third. The Emergency Banking Act, introduced, passed, and signed by the president during a single day, gave the federal government sweeping power to deal with the banking crisis. The Beer Act raised the percentage of alcohol considered nonintoxicating from .05 percent to 3.2 percent. This made it possible to sell three-two, or low alcohol, beer, which had been illegal under the 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (see Prohibition). The Economy Act, reducing government salaries and pensions to meet a Roosevelt campaign pledge, was bitterly opposed by many Democratic representatives and passed only because of intense pressure from Roosevelt and support by most Republicans in Congress.
While Congress was acting on these matters, Roosevelt aggressively pushed other legislation. Bills were frequently written by the executive branch, a procedure that made the legislative process faster and ensured that measures emerging from Congress would have the approval of the president. Congress worked quickly on most measures, but there was opposition from some members, especially those who felt that Roosevelt was not going far enough, fast enough. Roosevelt's success in getting Congress to do so much of what he wanted was in part a result of a widespread desperation and in part a result of strong leadership.

The New Deal
The basic New Deal legislation was passed in slightly more than five years, from 1933 to 1938. Historians have frequently discussed these laws under the headings of the three Rs: relief, recovery, and reform.

Relief Legislation
The most pressing problem facing Roosevelt, once the banking crisis had passed, was that of providing relief for the unemployed and their families. Private charities had long since run out of money, and few states could still provide any assistance. Under President Hoover the Reconstruction Finance Corporation had made loans to states to finance relief payments, although Hoover had long tried to avoid this step. However, under Roosevelt's Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), the first of his major relief operations, large amounts of money were given to the states. Harry L. Hopkins, a tough-minded professional social worker who had administered state relief under Governor Roosevelt, was the head of FERA. He saw to it that available funds were spent quickly to provide help to as many as possible.
The president and Hopkins, like President Hoover before them, believed in work relief, or payment for work performed, rather than the dole, a simple payment without any work requirement. Although they felt that work relief would help to maintain the morale of the recipients, work projects took time to plan and were far more costly to administer than the simple dole. FERA did have a subdivision, the Civil Works Administration (CWA), which provided work relief for a large number of men during the winter of 1933 and 1934. However, due to the necessity of making the available money go as far as possible, the FERA essentially dispensed money through the state governments.
Unemployment persisted in the early years of Roosevelt's presidency, in spite of some economic recovery. At the end of 1934 about one-sixth of the entire country was still on relief. In 1935 a new semipermanent organization, the Works Progress Administration (WPA, later renamed the Work Projects Administration), was set up by executive order and placed under Hopkins, and the FERA was abolished. The WPA provided work relief only, and due to lack of money many people on relief had to depend on the hard-pressed states for a dole.
The WPA projects were better planned than those of the CWA, and many of them were of lasting benefit to their communities. Roads and streets were built or improved. Schools, libraries, and other public buildings were constructed or repaired. Artists, musicians, and writers performed for the benefit of the public. Administrative costs were higher than those of the FERA, but the projects carried out were more complex and useful.
Two other relief operations were designed especially for young people. Both were of great interest to the president and his wife. The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) provided work for unemployed and unmarried young men. They received food and shelter and were paid $30 per month, of which $25 had to be given to relatives or dependents. More than a quarter of a million men, many of them from city slums, worked in the corps, living together in camps under the management of army officers. They benefited from the healthy outdoor work, their families benefited from the money, and the country benefited from the many worthy projects they completed. The National Youth Administration (NYA) provided needy high school and college students with part-time jobs at their schools. The NYA also gave useful part-time employment to needy young people who were no longer in school. NYA workers normally earned from $5 to $15 per month. Although these sums were small, they proved valuable for the support of the recipients and their families during this period of great economic distress.

Recovery Legislation
When he took office, Roosevelt must have felt that his basic problem was how to bring about economic recovery. His predecessor, in spite of his philosophy of rugged individualism, had reluctantly accepted some government responsibility for improving the economy. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), established under Hoover, provided loans to financial institutions, railways, and public agencies. Roosevelt reappointed the head of that organization, and with congressional approval, he made RFC loans easier to get and the RFC became a major recovery agency of the New Deal.
Another Hoover policy, direct spending on major public works, was taken over and greatly expanded by Roosevelt. He set up a Public Works Administration (PWA) and put it under the jurisdiction of Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes, a Republican reformer from Chicago. Ickes proceeded slowly with PWA projects, for he had an obsessive and probably well-founded idea that if he did not watch closely, the PWA would provide politicians with opportunities for corruption. As a result of this slowness, Ickes's PWA did not play a very important role in the early New Deal, and an increasingly larger share of money was given to the less tidy but more energetic relief operations of Ickes's rival, Harry Hopkins. However, the PWA came into its own after the recession of 1937, when carefully prepared plans were ready to be implemented almost at once. Huge public buildings, great dams, and irrigation and flood-control projects are part of PWA's legacy.
The most spectacular agency designed to promote general economic improvement was the National Recovery Administration (NRA), an organization set up (along with the PWA) by the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), which was passed by Congress in June 1933. The NRA was designed to help business help itself. Unfair competition was supposed to be eliminated through the establishment of codes of fair competition; in effect, laws against combinations of large businesses were to be suspended in exchange for guarantees to workers. These guarantees specifically included minimum wages, maximum hours, and the right to bargain as a group.
Unfortunately, the NRA did not work as its supporters had hoped. The administrator, the colorful former army officer Hugh S. Johnson, let the code-making get out of hand. Eventually there were hundreds of codes for different industrial groups. Johnson's patriotic speeches, with which he sought to sell the NRA to the American people, began to wear thin after a while. Johnson resigned in 1934, and the NRA was unanimously declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1935.
A special recovery agency for one major segment of the economy was the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA), set up in the Department of Agriculture and supervised by Secretary Henry A. Wallace, a farm editor, scientist, and son of a former Republican secretary of agriculture. The AAA sought to eliminate overproduction of basic crops and thus to bring prices back to the average prices of the period from 1909 to 1914, a time of agricultural prosperity. The AAA had authority to buy surplus crops and to make payments to producers to restrict production. It concentrated at first on cotton, wheat, corn, and hogs, the most important products of the Midwest and the South. The plans of the AAA to restrict production and to raise prices were aided by a series of droughts and windstorms on the Great Plains, and farm prices rose steadily during Roosevelt's first term. The AAA was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1936, but a so-called voluntary system was established by Congress in 1936 for the same purposes as the AAA. In 1938 the second AAA was created by Congress. This AAA was more complex and did not rely on a special tax, and it survived.

Reform Legislation
The laws that later generations tended to think of as the New Deal were mainly reform laws. Franklin Roosevelt had been a reformer, a believer in progress and in government-sponsored social and economic change, from the time he first took public office in 1911. The reform impulse in America had been frustrated since the 1918 election victories by conservative politicians, who believed that government should not be involved in social reform. Now that impulse was revived in the Great Depression by President Roosevelt, often under pressure from congressional liberals, who were concerned with the development of personal freedom and social progress, and from reform movements outside the government. Between 1933 and 1938, major legislation passed by Congress constituted the most sweeping reform program since the progressive period of 1901 to 1907. In general, these reforms increased the existing regulatory activities of the federal government. After Roosevelt's administrations the government was involved in regulating many more areas of economic activity.
Banking and currency were in obvious need of attention, since the banking system had virtually collapsed by March 1933 and the drain of gold had placed a great strain on the dollar. Banking legislation passed in the first Roosevelt term created insurance for small savings depositors, separated commercial and investment banking, and greatly increased the authority of the Federal Reserve Board, the government agency that oversees banking activity. In order to protect the currency, Roosevelt secured authority from Congress to take the United States off the gold standard and to devalue the dollar. However, once he discovered that devaluing the dollar did not in itself help to bring about economic recovery, he was unenthusiastic about tinkering with the currency. Related to these reforms was the establishment of the Securities and Exchange Commission, an independent agency empowered to regulate the sale of stocks and bonds. The first chairman of the commission was Joseph P. Kennedy, an early Roosevelt supporter who was himself a wealthy speculator.
In the campaign of 1932 Roosevelt had strongly criticized the tariff, or import tax, policies of the Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover administrations, blaming the decline of world trade on those Republican presidents. He appointed Senator Cordell Hull of Tennessee as secretary of state. A fervent free trader, Hull felt that his main duty should be to eliminate trade barriers by lowering import tariffs. Some of the early New Dealers did not share Hull's enthusiasm. For more than a year they were able to block his program, while Roosevelt concerned himself with purely domestic efforts. However, Hull stubbornly persisted in his course, eventually winning the president's support and the passage of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act, one of the most ingenious of the New Deal measures. This act did not attempt to alter existing import taxes by law. Hull and others knew very well how difficult it was to achieve tariff reform this way. Instead, the act authorized the president to negotiate agreements with other nations for a mutual lowering of import taxes. Such agreements did not have to be ratified by the Senate, and they could cut existing tariffs by 50 percent. The most-favored-nation clause promised that the United States would offer the same tariff rates to all countries with which it had signed a commercial treaty. If the United States lowered tariffs further in a treaty with another nation, it would have to lower tariffs for all nations with most-favored-nation status. By this method benefits from these agreements were slowly extended uniformly to all nations with whom such agreements had been made. Although Hull did not secure free trade, he did significantly lower tariff barriers. At the same time, he provided a method for taking tariff making out of the hands of Congress.
The federal government also became involved with housing. In the depths of the depression many people lost their homes because they were unable to make payments on their housing loans, called mortgages. Lending institutions then seized these homes but were often unable to resell them or even rent them. Two of the most popular of the early New Deal agencies were the Home Owners' Loan Corporation, which helped individuals by refinancing their home loans so that banks did not seize the homes, and the Federal Housing Administration, which helped banks by taking most of the risk out of home loans by insuring loans up to 80 percent of the value of the property. In his second term, President Roosevelt secured the passage of legislation that allowed him to set up the U.S. Housing Authority. This agency helped to rebuild slums and encouraged low-cost housing construction, of major importance because it was the first direct involvement of the federal government in building houses.
One of the most sweeping and imaginative New Deal reforms was the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), an independent federal corporation set up to improve conditions in a depressed area of 103,600 sq km (40,000 sq mi) in seven states. Chiefly responsible for this scheme was Senator George W. Norris of Nebraska, a progressive Republican who had almost single-handedly blocked the sale of government-owned power sites on the Tennessee River during the 1920s and who was a firm believer in government ownership and operation of public utilities such as power and water companies. Roosevelt was a widely known advocate of publicly owned power, which he saw as a yardstick with which to measure the real costs of private power companies. He was greatly attracted to the TVA because of its possibilities for the conservation of natural and human resources.
The TVA built a series of dams for power production, flood control, and navigation improvement. It distributed its own water-generated, or hydroelectric, power to many who never before had enjoyed the benefits of electricity. The TVA also produced cheap fertilizers. As a result, the standard of living of the people in its area steadily improved. The TVA was seen as a direct threat to the country's private-power companies, and it was not imitated elsewhere, although the Roosevelt administration did build dams and power plants in the West.
The most far-reaching of the New Deal reform measures was the Social Security Act of 1935. During the first two years of Roosevelt's presidency a commission studied the problems caused by unemployment, old age, and physical disability and sought to determine the part that should be played by the federal government in alleviating these problems. Unemployment insurance, financed by a federal payroll tax paid in equal parts by employers and employees, was established as a joint federal-state program. An old-age pension system was set up to be administered by the federal government and financed by taxes on both employers and employees. Other provisions of the Social Security Act provided federal money to encourage the states to care for dependent children and the blind. The Social Security Act did not include health insurance because the commission and the president considered that its inclusion would jeopardize the passage of the act (see Social Security).
After the National Industrial Recovery Act was declared unconstitutional, Congress passed the National Labor Relations Act, which guaranteed to workers the right to organize and bargain collectively, free from interference by employers. The act set up the National Labor Relations Board as an independent agency. The board was a major force assisting the rapid growth of trade unions in the New Deal era. By statute it was required to be in favor of labor, and it played its role with enthusiasm. The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 was the last important act of the New Deal. This measure set a minimum wage and a limit to the hours worked. It was moderate in its provisions, gradual in its application, and limited in its scope, but it established an important precedent.

New Deal Politics
The New Deal programs were closely associated with the personality of President Roosevelt, about whom the politics of the 1930s revolved. His skill at clarifying problems and in explaining the solutions he and his associates had devised made him almost an intimate friend of the American people. For almost six years his popularity with the majority of the people grew. In 1934 the already huge Democratic majorities in Congress were increased, a rare thing for a party in power in non-presidential, or off-year, elections. In 1936 these majorities were raised even higher. The number of Republicans left in the House was less than 100; only 17 Republicans remained in the Senate, and about half of them supported the New Deal. Not until the off-year election of 1938 did the Republican Party show any signs of renewed vigor.
Roosevelt did have opponents during these years. During his first year in office his most vigorous enemies were on the political left. Leftists felt that he was missing a priceless opportunity to move toward socialism, or the direct involvement of government in the economy. From 1935 on, however, his principal opposition came from conservatives, especially the reviving business community. These elements had been so stunned by the depression and so grateful at first to Roosevelt for his efforts to promote recovery within the framework of the capitalist system that they scarcely opposed him. However, beginning in 1935, the economy began to recover and the labor movement, encouraged by New Deal legislation, began to be effective. In addition the Supreme Court began to declare New Deal legislation unconstitutional. These developments encouraged conservatives to oppose the administration.

The 1936 Election
In 1936 Roosevelt won his greatest victory when he received more than 60 percent of the popular vote and won every state except Maine and Vermont. The Republican candidate, Governor Alfred M. Landon of Kansas, was a progressive himself and accepted much of the New Deal program while deploring how it was being administered. However, Landon was a dull campaigner. His advisers pushed him to the right during the campaign, and he ended with very little support. Careful students of politics saw in the 1936 election a considerable amount of voting by social or economic class, with workers and those who lived in the cities voting overwhelmingly for the Democratic Party.

Decline in Popularity
Middle-class support for the New Deal began to slip away in 1937 and 1938, and the Democratic Party became more than ever the party of urban labor. Three major events seem to have contributed to this change. First was a series of sit-down strikes, in which the militant new unions of the Committee for Industrial Organization, later known as the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), kept their men inside plants during strikes. This technique, used by the new unions in the automobile industry, violated property rights. Many middle-class Americans were antagonized by this, as they were by the labor war between the CIO and the more traditional American Federation of Labor (AFL).
The second event was Roosevelt's so-called court-packing plan, a scheme to enlarge the Supreme Court that he suddenly presented to Congress in 1937. Roosevelt argued that the court was behind in its work, partly due to the advanced age of many members. However, it was clear that what really irritated him was a series of decisions that had declared much of his program unconstitutional. A group of Democratic senators, including several former New Deal supporters, deserted the administration on this issue, and the president suffered his first major defeat in Congress. However, the court reversed the trend of its decisions after the court plan, and most New Deal legislation was allowed to stand.
The third event was probably the most damaging of all. It was the so-called Roosevelt recession that began in the fall of 1937 with another stock market crash. The recession lasted until after the resumption of large-scale government spending the following spring. This recession had been preceded by more efficiency in government and a balanced budget, courses promoted by conservative secretary of the treasury, Henry Morgenthau, Jr. The effect of the Roosevelt recession was to convince many people that the administration did not have any magic formula for prosperity and that the earlier recovery had been based on the government spending more money than it collected.

The 1940 Election
In the elections of 1938 the Republicans made a comeback in several key industrial states and substantially increased their congressional representation. It was freely predicted that the Republicans would regain the presidency in 1940. Many felt that Roosevelt would not run for president again, thanks to the tradition that no candidate ran for more than two terms. However, by the time the Democratic National Convention met in the summer of 1940, a grave international crisis was at its height, and Roosevelt was given his third nomination for president. Roosevelt defeated the Republican candidate, the lawyer and businessman Wendell L. Willkie, but he won by a much narrower margin than he had in 1936. Whether Roosevelt would have been renominated, and whether he would have accepted if nominated, in the absence of the world crisis will never be known. However, it is clear that his experience in foreign affairs had much to do with his winning an unprecedented third term.

Foreign Policy (1933-1941)
The Stimson Doctrine
Although in 1932, Roosevelt denied that he believed the United States should become a member of the League of Nations, he seems never to have given up the faith in collective security he had developed under Wilson. He was disappointed in the accomplishments of the league, but like many of the league's supporters he blamed many of its troubles on the failure of the United States to join. After his election in 1932, but before his inauguration, he conferred with Hoover's secretary of state, Henry L. Stimson, and accepted the so-called Stimson Doctrine of refusing to recognize the recent conquest of Manchuria by Japan. Thus, before he had become president, one of the cardinal principles of Roosevelt's foreign policy, opposition to Japanese efforts to dominate East Asia, had been established.

Good Neighbor Policy
Another basic Roosevelt foreign policy was the Good Neighbor Policy toward Latin America. The phrase "good neighbor," used by the president in his first inaugural address, meant in practice that the United States would no longer intervene in Latin America to protect private American property interests. American support for the savage Cuban dictatorship of Gerardo Machado was withdrawn, and a revolution soon turned him out. The removal of the last U.S. Marines from Haiti in 1934 ended direct financial control by the United States. Secretary of State Hull's reciprocal trade program, which resulted in several agreements with Latin American republics, lowered trade barriers on some goods and was thus popular in many Central and South American nations.
Hull went to the Pan American Conference at Montevideo, Uruguay, in 1933 to give full support to the important principle that "no state has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another." The administration acted in accordance with this principle when Mexico seized foreign-owned oil properties. Unlike Great Britain, the United States did not break off diplomatic relations with Mexico. Eventually the American companies worked out their own settlement with the Mexican government. The ambassador to Mexico, Josephus Daniels, was Roosevelt's old chief in the Navy Department. The actions of these two men did more than anything else to convince most of the Latin American governments that the United States could be a good neighbor.
Growth of U.S. Isolationism
Toward Europe, President Roosevelt's policies seemed at first to be almost isolationist, in spite of his background. He did agree to go ahead with U.S. participation in the World Economic Conference, scheduled to take place in London in the summer of 1933. President Hoover had promised U.S. attendance. However, Roosevelt did not have much faith in the ability of the conference to agree on measures to stabilize the value of the dollar. Except for Hull, most of the U.S. delegates were of minor importance. Roosevelt eventually undercut the conference by saying that he had little interest in currency stabilization and by announcing that he would work for economic recovery in other ways. He was strongly influenced by advisers, who had no faith in European central bankers and felt that there was nothing to be gained by tying the U.S. economy to a hazardous international agreement.
Unquestionably, Roosevelt's action was made easy by the prevailing isolationism in the United States. Some said the distress of these years was because of disillusionment caused by U.S. participation in World War I. Encouraged by congressional investigations and the works of a number of writers and politicians, many Americans felt that the United States should have stayed out of that conflict. This feeling was so strong that Congress passed a number of neutrality acts, which among other things forbade private American loans to nations that weren't paying their debts to the United States. Other acts required the president to place an embargo on the shipment of arms to nations at war, authorized him to keep U.S. citizens from sailing on the ships of those nations, and forbade the carrying by American ships of guns or ammunition to countries at war. Roosevelt sought but was denied the right to discriminate between aggressors and their victims. A majority in Congress believed that trading arms with countries that were at war was a dangerous activity. Some belligerent country, isolationists argued, would inevitably attack some of the shipments and draw the United States into another European war.
However, the balance of power in Europe was already shifting, and President Roosevelt was unable to pursue his domestic program without paying some attention to the international situation. During his first term, Italy, led by the dictator Benito Mussolini, conquered the eastern African empire of Ethiopia, in spite of mild economic punishment imposed on Italy as an aggressor by the League of Nations. Soon afterward, Germany, headed by the dictator Adolf Hitler, placed troops and weapons in the Rhineland in violation of the Treaty of Versailles, which had been signed at the end of World War I. In the summer of 1936, Italy and Germany gave vital assistance to the military forces leading a revolution against the Spanish republic. Not only did Britain and France do nothing, but the United States put its own unofficial embargo on the shipment of weapons to Spain, a course legalized by Congress when it convened in 1937. The U.S. policy toward Spain was isolationism carried as far as it could be carried, since under international law the government of Spain had the right to carry on trade, and the rebels were without legal status.

Quarantine of Aggressors
One of the most significant evidences of Roosevelt's growing concern with the precarious state of world peace came soon after his reelection in 1936. He journeyed by sea to Buenos Aires, Argentina, to attend a special Inter-American Conference for Peace, where he warned that non-American nations proposing "to commit acts of aggression against us will find a hemisphere wholly prepared to consult together for our mutual safety and our mutual good." Less than a year later, following the renewal of Japanese attacks on China, Roosevelt in a dramatic speech in Chicago proposed that a quarantine be placed on aggressor nations. Chiefly because of the lack of enthusiasm of Secretary Hull and the British, nothing came directly out of this proposal. However, it was a significant speech because it displayed Roosevelt's long-held belief in a system of collective security. Soon afterward, the president requested a billion-dollar appropriation for naval expansion, and then almost at once he asked for even more. Congress obliged, and the defense build-up was under way.

Start of World War II
The amount of money spent on defense grew enormously. The United States under Roosevelt was quickly preparing for a new war, which seemed close at hand. In March 1938 Germany annexed Austria and in 1939, it took over the remainder of Czechoslovakia. Large parts of Czechoslovakia had already been lost when Britain and France agreed to allow Germany to absorb German-speaking areas of Czechoslovakia under the Munich Pact in 1938. At the end of August 1939 the Germans concluded a nonaggression pact with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), which ensured that, if Germany went to war with France and Britain on one front, the Germans would not have to face the USSR on a second front. When the Germans invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, the Poles appealed to France and Britain for help. There was little that the Western powers could do to prevent the rapid occupation of Poland by the Germans, and, in the east, by the Soviets, except to declare war on Germany, which they did on September 3, 1939.

Defense Buildup
Roosevelt at once convened a special session of Congress and asked it to lift the embargo on the sale of munitions (weapons), a provision that chiefly hurt the Western countries opposed to Hitler and Germany, known as the Allies. After a sharp debate, Congress complied with the request. It passed the so-called cash-and-carry act, which permitted Americans to sell munitions to nations able to pay for them in cash and able to carry them away in ships registered abroad. Congress did not change any other provision of the neutrality acts, however (see World War II).
Unlike President Wilson in 1914, Roosevelt made no secret of his partiality for Britain and France. He loathed Hitler and his National Socialism, or Nazi, Party and considered them a threat to U.S. security. When the Germans quickly defeated Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France in the spring of 1940, Roosevelt came quickly to the aid of the British, now carrying on alone against Germany. Not only did he ask Congress for more defense money, but he took steps to establish a kind of coalition government. He brought into the two key military posts in the U.S. Cabinet distinguished Republicans who shared his alarm at the Nazi threat. Henry L. Stimson became Roosevelt's secretary of war, and Frank Knox, a Chicago newspaper publisher and Republican candidate for vice president in 1936, was made secretary of the navy. Roosevelt also appointed leaders of the business community to a defense advisory commission.
In September 1940 Roosevelt secured the passage of the United States' first peacetime conscription measure, the Selective Training and Service Act (see Selective Service). Under it, men between 21 and 35 were required to register for a year of military training. Roosevelt was also impressed with the great danger to the survival of Britain caused by German planes and submarines. Thus, in September he also transferred 50 U.S. destroyers to Britain in exchange for eight naval bases in the western hemisphere. Fortunately for the success of the destroyers-bases arrangement, the 1940 Republican candidate for president, Wendell Willkie, endorsed it. Isolationists and others who disliked Roosevelt's policy of aid to Britain thus had no major party alternative in the election.

Lend-Lease
Following his reelection in 1940, President Roosevelt moved ahead with the dual policy of building up U.S. defenses while giving assistance to those countries resisting the aggression of Germany, Italy, and Japan. The major legislation was the Lend-Lease Act of March 1941, passed over the bitter opposition of the isolationists in Congress and their national organization, the America First Committee. The Lend-Lease Act authorized the president to transfer to victims of aggression such military equipment (a term interpreted to include food and clothing) as could be produced in the United States and acquired by the government. This act, which was destined to be extended for the length of World War II, began with an appropriation of $7 billion. It was an emphatic announcement of support for the hard-pressed British. When Germany attacked the USSR in June 1941 and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill welcomed the Soviets as allies, Roosevelt extended the privileges of lend-lease to the USSR. Thus, the United States was virtually at war in the spring and summer of 1941, sending aid to Britain and the USSR and even patrolling the Atlantic Ocean with the U.S. Navy.
Wartime Leadership (1941-1945)

Pearl Harbor
Roosevelt officially became wartime president after Japan attacked the United States on December 7, 1941. Although he had opposed Japanese expansion in Asia from the time he took office, Roosevelt was kept from assisting China to any extent by the difficulties of geographical distance and by American isolationism. When the Japanese attacked China again in 1937 without a declaration of war, terming the hostilities a mere incident, Roosevelt refused to recognize the existence of a state of war and thus avoided the application of the neutrality laws. Such enforcement would have discriminated against the Chinese, and Roosevelt was as openly pro-Chinese in Asia as he was openly pro-British in Europe. In 1940 the administration notified Japan that the existing commercial treaty between the two countries would be ended. The administration increased U.S. aid to China and placed an embargo on the export of iron and steel scrap, an important part of U.S. trade with Japan. In Japan, militarists took complete control of the government in 1941 and prepared for a showdown.
The carrier-based airplane attack upon the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, caught the U.S. garrison by surprise and resulted in the sinking or damaging of a large number of ships. The Japanese did not succeed in destroying any aircraft carriers, however, and they were unable or unwilling to follow through with an invasion of Hawaii. At the request of Roosevelt, who called December 7 "a day which will live in infamy," Congress declared war on Japan. When Germany and Italy came to the assistance of their Japanese allies by declaring war on the United States, Roosevelt and Congress reciprocated by declaring war on them.

Atlantic Charter
Roosevelt threw himself into the role of wartime leader with determination and enthusiasm. He was convinced that the security of the United States depended on the defeat of Germany, Italy, and Japan. He was also certain that the greatest threat came from Germany. Even before Pearl Harbor he had spoken with Prime Minister Churchill in a naval vessel off Newfoundland, Canada, and had joined in issuing the Atlantic Charter on August 14, 1941. This document denied any desire for any territorial changes not desired by the peoples concerned. It also stressed the goals of improved economic conditions, "freedom from fear," and the disarmament of aggressors. This document reflected many of Woodrow Wilson's ideas that had so strongly influenced Roosevelt, but it is significant that it is much more general than Wilson's Fourteen Points, a program to establish a basis for lasting peace following World War I; it included a proposal for the League of Nations. Roosevelt was determined not to repeat what he considered Wilson's mistakes: the announcement of specific objectives, the refusal to bring Republicans into the Cabinet, and the failure to involve Republicans in diplomatic negotiations in preparation for peace.
War Plans
Roosevelt's leadership included a number of activities. He had to decide, in consultation with Churchill and the Soviets, upon basic military strategy. He had to promote defense production without creating inflation, and he had to determine the allocation of the goods among the several theaters of war and the various Allied powers. In these activities he had the tireless assistance of his former relief administrator, Harry Hopkins, who became his principal diplomat. The president also had to oversee the buildup of an enormous army and navy. By the end of the war more than 15 million people had served in the armed forces of the United States. Finally, Roosevelt had to explain war developments to the American people to maintain their support, which was essential to victory.
Wartime Conferences

In retrospect 1942 was the year when the tide turned toward the United Nations, the term then used to signify the United States and its allies in the war. In that year four major events took place: the defeat of the Japanese navy at the Battle of Midway in the mid-Pacific; the containment of the Japanese southern thrust at Guadalcanal, in the Solomon Islands; the successful Allied invasion of French North Africa; and the Battle of Stalingrad, the beginning of the end for the Germans in the USSR (see Volgograd). In January 1943 Roosevelt and Churchill met at Casablanca, Morocco, to make further plans and to confer with French leaders. At Casablanca Roosevelt announced the policy of insisting upon unconditional surrender by the enemy. In November 1943 the president met with Churchill and the Chinese leader, Chiang Kai-shek, at Cairo, Egypt. There a number of plans for the war against Japan were worked out.
Roosevelt also conferred twice with Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. Following the Cairo conference, he and Churchill journeyed to Tehran, Iran, to meet Stalin. The Chinese were not invited, since the USSR was not at war with Japan. At Tehran the leaders agreed upon an invasion of France by U.S. and British forces in the spring of 1944, to take some of the pressure off the Soviets. Finally, the Big Three, as they were called, conferred again in February 1945 at Yalta, in Crimea. The Yalta Conference, occurring as the European war seemed about to end, resulted in several agreements, including: the nature of the postwar international organization (later called the United Nations); the military occupation and free elections in eastern Europe; the postwar division and occupation of Germany; and the entry of the USSR into the war against Japan following the end of the European war (see Cold War).

Death
Roosevelt did not live to see the end of World War II. During the war years he had not appeared often in public, but during his campaign for a fourth term in 1944 many who saw him said that he looked pale, thin, and old. The election, which resulted in his victory over New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey, was a strain on the president, as was the long trip to Yalta. In the early spring of 1945 he went to Warm Springs, Georgia, in an effort to recapture his flagging energy. There he died of a massive cerebral hemorrhage on April 12, 1945. Harry Truman took the oath of office to become president the same day.
In spite of rumors about Roosevelt's poor health, the nation was terribly shocked by the death of the man who had been president of the United States longer than any other. Franklin Delano Roosevelt died knowing that his plans for victory were coming to a successful conclusion, but he was aware that the Soviet Union was already breaking the agreements about free elections in eastern Europe. He was laid to rest in the rose garden in the family estate at Hyde Park.



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Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (F)
b. 12 October 1884, d. 7 November 1962, #4900
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Relationship=6th cousin 3 times removed of David Kipp Conover Jr..

     Anna Eleanor Roosevelt was born on 12 October 1884 at New York City, New York County, New York. She was the daughter of Elliott Roosevelt and Anna Rebecca Hall. Anna Eleanor Roosevelt married President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, son of James Roosevelt and Sara Delano, on 17 March 1905 at New York City, New York County, New York.
Anna Eleanor Roosevelt and President Franklin Delano Roosevelt appeared on the census of 16 April 1910 at Manhattan, New York County, New York; 3 children, 2 living.
Anna Eleanor Roosevelt and President Franklin Delano Roosevelt appeared on the census of 12 January 1920 at Washington, Distict of Columbia.
Anna Eleanor Roosevelt and President Franklin Delano Roosevelt appeared on the census of 2 April 1930 at Albany, Albany County, New York. Anna Eleanor Roosevelt died on 7 November 1962 at New York City, New York County, New York, at age 78.

Roosevelt, (Anna) Eleanor (1884-1962), social activist, author, lecturer, and United States representative to the United Nations. She was the wife of United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Eleanor Roosevelt was born in New York City on October 11, 1884, to Elliott Roosevelt and Anna Hall Roosevelt, descendants of a prominent family of Dutch ancestry. She was a niece of President Theodore Roosevelt. Eleanor's mother died when she was eight, her father when she was ten. She then lived with her maternal grandmother and at the age of 15 was sent to a boarding school in England. On her return home she did social work in New York before marrying her distant cousin Franklin Roosevelt in 1905. They had six children, one of whom died in infancy. The couple's domestic life was dominated by Franklin's mother, Sara, and Franklin avoided involvement in the management of their home or the discipline of their children. Eleanor's discovery of Franklin's affair with her social secretary, Lucy Page Mercer, in 1918 was a turning point in their marriage. Although the affair ended and the Roosevelts reconciled, Eleanor resolved to have a career of her own. She became involved in the League of Women Voters and the Women's Trade Union League. In 1921 Eleanor began to work politically on behalf of Franklin, who had been stricken with poliomyelitis after his unsuccessful bid for the vice presidency in 1920. She became active in Democratic party politics as a means of keeping her handicapped husband's political career alive. When he was elected to the presidency in 1932, Eleanor continued to assist him, and although she held no office, she soon became an influential figure in his administration.
The Great Depression during the 1930s broadened Mrs. Roosevelt's concerns. She sponsored an experiment at Arthurdale, West Virginia, designed to bring small-scale manufacturing to impoverished coal miners in a self-sustaining community. Widespread unemployment, particularly among youth, led to her support of the National Youth Administration, a program for youth employment, and of the leftist-dominated American Youth Congress. More liberal than the president, she worked to promote racial equality, and in a famous incident resigned from the Daughters of the American Revolution when the black singer Marian Anderson was denied the use of their facilities. During World War II (1939-1945) she visited American soldiers around the world, championed desegregation of the armed forces, and at the war's end urged admission to Palestine of Jewish refugees from Europe.
Following the death of her husband in 1945, Roosevelt founded Americans for Democratic Action, a liberal group within the Democratic party. During the 1950s she was a strong supporter of party leader Adlai Stevenson. As a U.S. delegate to the United Nations from 1945 to 1953, she chaired the commission that drafted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Roosevelt was the author of "My Day," a widely read newspaper column, and of numerous books, including It's Up to the Women (1933) and This I Remember (1949). She died in New York City on November 7, 1962.

Contributed by:
Elliot A. Rosen



"Roosevelt, (Anna) Eleanor," Microsoft(R) Encarta(R) 97 Encyclopedia. (c) 1993-1996 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.